Previous Preonenmodels
To explain the standard model of elementary particle physics and their interactions (SM), there have been efforts since 1974 to examine the elementary particles composed of even smaller building blocks.
1974 Preonenmodels
In 1974, J. C. Pati and A. Salam published the idea in the Physikal Revue[1] that the order of the SM can be reproduced with preons. They should occur in three wo variants with a positive or a negative charge and an uncharged one. Two positive preons and one neutral give the charge of the Upquarks with +2/3 eV charge. One negative and two neutral preons give the charge of the downquarks with -1/3 eV. Three positive preons give the positron, three negative ones the electron and three neutral ones the neutron. The preon models of different authors like Fritzsch, Mandelbaum are based on the same basic idea. They took over the name preon.[2]
1979 Rishon Modell
- Harari[3] and M. Shupe[4] presented at the same time independent of each other very similar further models. They explained the quarks, their electrical charge and the cause and effect of the color charges with preons.
It was extended to leptons from Harari in 1979[5]. Together with his student Nathan Seiberg he developed the Rishon Model[6] in 1982. They call the Preonen Rishons. The loaded tohu (T) and the uncharged vohu (V) are borrowed from the Hebrew for Desert and Empty. Like its predecessor, this model remained purely combinatorial. The structure and origin of the rishons themselves were not explained.
2005 Helon Modell
In 2005 (V1), 2008 (V2) Sundance O. Bilson-Thompson used the Helon-Model[7] to transfer the combinatorial rishone model into a topological model. The preons are referred to as helons. They consist of two twisted tweedles (tapes) each. After the nursery rhyme, tweedle dum tweedle dee, left-turning Dee (E) and the right-turning Dum (U) are designated. E and U are always linked in pairs to form helones. This results in possible combinations with third part charge or without charge. EE to H+, UU to H- and EU to H0. Three helions each join to braids in the combinations H+H+ H+, H- H-H-, H+H0, H- H0, H- H0 H0, H+H0 H0, H+H+H0, H- H-, H0. The simultaneous occurrence of H+ and H- in a triplet is not possible. As fermions and leptons, helions are interlaced with each other, as bosons without interlacing. The photon differs from the Z0 boson in its opposite chirality. The braids are connected at the upper and lower ends. Thus, the elementary particles of the first generation and their anti-particles are derived from the standard model of particle physics and ehier interaction.
The helion-model explains by the topological representation why charged fermions occur in two different helixes while neutrinos occur only in one. It shows that the number of quarks and leptons is maintained in the weak interaction. The Helon model explains the generations of elementary particles and that neutrinos and charged leptons only interact with each other within the same generation.
2006 [V1], 2007 [V2] Knotmodel of elemenatary particles
Sundance O. Bilson Thompson, together with Fotini Marcopoulu and Lee Somlin, published the paper "Quantum Gravity and the Standard model" in 2006 as a further development of the helon-model[8].
Isolated particles were described in the helon-model. In the aforementioned paper, they are presented in a much more spatially differentiated manner. The braids are now connected to other braids at the base points. They are embedded in a background independent quantum gravity theory. The binding mechanisms are described in the Planck scale, far below an order of magnitude in which an effective field theory would be a good description. The bonds here do not consist of fields but of quantum phenomena. The Helon model was related to the Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) and Spin Foam models. They are characterized by knotting, linking loops and graphs. Elementary particles correspond to network nodes or node combinations.
2018 Elementarymodel
The elementary model presented here enables a geometrically descriptive representation of particle physics. It emanates from toroidal elementars turning left and right as smallest possible particles. They arise from quantum fluctuation. In several phase changes they add up to form helix rings, which in the Big Bang form pairs of double helix rings. The typology of the particles is derived from the geometry of the cirular chaining. They interlock like gears. Due to the helicity of the elementars, only certain sequences are permitted. The elementary particles of the standard model and a descriptive derivation of their properties and interactions are derived from the combinatorial analysis. The newly introduced terms are written in krusiv in the complete document. These terms are explained in the glossary.
[1] J.C. Pati, A. Salam, Phys. Reg. D10,275 (1974)
[2] Terazawa, K. Akama, Phys. Lett. B96,276 (1980 References therein)
[3] H. Harari, Phys. Lett. B86, 83 (1979) A new quark model für hadrons
[4] M. Shupe, Phys. Lett. B86 (1979)
[5] H. Harari Phys Letters B 86 (1) 83-86 A schematic model of quarks and leptons (1979)
[6] H. Harari, N. Seiberg, Phys. Letters B 204 (1). 141 – 167 (1982) The rishon model
[7] Arxiv:hep-ph/053213v2 27 (Oct 2006) A topological model of composit preons
[8] S.O. Bilson – Thompson, Fonti Marcopoulou and Lee Somlin, Quantum Gravitiy and the Standard Model arXiv:hep-th/0603022